Husking Corn in 1911

16-year-old Helena Muffly wrote exactly 100 years ago today: 

Saturday, October 28, 1911: Had to pick corn all day and didn’t get anything done hardly that I wanted to get done. Besse was out today. Ahem.

Photo source: Wikimedia Commons

Her middle-aged granddaughter’s comments 100 years later:

Picking corn was hard work in the days before corn pickers and combines. I can see why Grandma was really happy that her married sister Besse came out to the farm to help.  I bet they were exhausted by the end of the day.

Corn ears needed to be broken off the stalks one ear at a time and then thrown into a nearby wagon that was pulled by horses. A team of several people were needed to complete this process—one person to drive the horses, and one or more people to pick the corn.

According to the Farm Collector website, 80 bushels was about the maximum amount of corn one person could husk in a day–though the goal often was 100 bushels per person per day.

Click here to see an awesome video of people husking corn the old-fashioned way at the 2007 Nebraska State Hand Corn Huskers competition.

Exams Coming Up: Got to Start Hitting the Books

16-year-old Helena Muffly wrote exactly 100 years ago today: 

Durrell's School Algebra (1912)

Friday, October 27, 1911: Must begin to get ready for our coming examinations, which come around again next Monday and Tuesday.

Her middle-aged granddaughter’s comments 100 years later:

It’s interesting that Grandma was apparently worrying about upcoming exams on a Friday evening.

Based upon how she reacted during previous exam periods, I would have thought that she’d have waited until Sunday evening to get stressed.  In yesterday’s entry she was struggling with L.C.M. (lowest/least common multiples) and H.C.F. (highest common factor) in algebra.  Maybe she still doesn’t get them.

Lowest Common Multiples and Highest Common Factors

16-year-old Helena Muffly wrote exactly 100 years ago today: 

Thursday, October 26, 1911: Have such difficult algebra problems. So much work it is to find the H.C. F. and L.C.M. Good bye for me if we happen to get one of these in examination.

Her middle-aged granddaughter’s comments 100 years later:

Important: If you aren’t into math—skip my comments today and come back tomorrow.  Suffice it to say that Grandma was doing some fairly difficult algebra.

But, if you enjoy math here’s my take on what this diary entry is talking about–

First I’ll give an example of the L.C.M. (lowest common multiple) and H.C.F. (highest common factor) of two whole numbers (integers);  then I’ll explain how it’s done for algebraic expressions.

Integers

The L.C.M. is the smallest integer that two whole numbers can be divided by.  1 would always be the L.C.M.

For example, for 8 and 12  the L.C.M. would be 1.

The H.C.F.(highest common factor) is the largest integer that two whole numbers can be divided by.

For the same two numbers (8 and 12), the H.C.F. would be 4.

If the H.C. F. is 1, it is a prime number.

Algebraic Expressions

The basic idea is the same as for algebraic expressions. For example, for H.C.F. of 2ab and 4a2b is 2a.

But it quickly gets complicated. I’m going to give you directions and examples from a 1911 algebra textbook below for H.C.F. [An aside:  If you really want to understand this concept you might find the information on the algebrahelp.com website helpful.]

Now, here are the directions for finding the H.C.F. in  Durrell’s School Algebra (1912):

The method of finding the H.C.F. is to:

Factor the given expressions, if necessary:

Take the H.C.F. of the numerical coefficients:

Annex the literal factors common to all of the expressions, giving to each factor the lowest exponent which it has in any expression.

Ex. 1:  Find the H.C. F. of 6x2y – 12xy2 + 6y3 and 3x2y2 + 9xy3 – 12y4

6x2y – 12xy2 + 6y3 = 6y(x – y)2

3x2y2 + 9xy3 – 12y4 = 3y2(x2 + 3xy – 4y2) = 3y2(x + 4y)(x – y)

H.C.F. = 3y(x – y)

Whew, I’m getting a headache just typing these expressions. But if you’re still with me, here’s a couple problems you could try from the 1911 textbook:

Find the H.C.F.

1. 4a2b , 6ab2

2. x2 – 3x , x2 – 9

3. x2 + x , x2 – 1 , x2 – x – 2

4. 4a3x – 4ax3 , 8a2x3 – 8ax4 , 4a2x2(a – x)2

5. 3a2 – 10a + 3 , 9a – a3 , (3 – a)3

Using Diaries and Journals to Shed Light on the Past

16-year-old Helena Muffly wrote exactly 100 years ago today: 

Wednesday, October 25, 1911:  Nothing unusual.

Her middle-aged granddaughter’s comments 100 years later:

Since Grandma wrote very little today, you might want to check out  a guest blog post I recently wrote for The Write Way: Thoughts on Rural Living.  Brenda Visser at The Write Way asked me to reflect on how journals and diaries can help us better understand the past (and the present). The text is reprinted below:

Diaries and Journals Shed Light on the Past

by

Sheryl Lazarus

I’m sure that I have lots of interesting ancestors, but the ones I find the most interesting are the ones who left behind enough artifacts so that I can get a sense of their personality.

One relative who I find particularly interesting is my paternal grandmother, Helena Muffly (Swartz). She kept a diary from January 1911 through December 1914. She was 15-years-old when she began the diary.

I’ve been posting her diary entries, as well as my reflections and comments, exactly 100 years to the day after she wrote them. I sometimes include old-time recipes, photos from 1911 magazines, or other things that I find interesting.

Diaries and journals can bring the past to life. They provide candid, dynamic snapshots of everyday life, and are full of details. Diaries also provide an intimate glimpse of the author–and share the writer’s hopes and fears.

The words of ordinary people reveal both similarities and differences between the past and now. The similarities enable us to better understand both the author and ourselves. The differences beg questions—Why was it different? What has changed over the years?

Why I Decided to Post the Diary Entries

Several years ago I compiled a family cookbook, and included some family photos in the book. One was a photo of me walking through a doorway at my bridal shower. Sitting on the couch in the photo’s foreground was my 82-year-old paternal grandmother.

When I gave the cookbook to my children, my daughter asked who the old lady was. I told her that it was her great-grandmother. But her question jogged my memory about a copy of an old diary I had —

After Grandma died in 1980, her children went through her belongings. One of the items they found was the diary that Grandma had kept as a teen. They circulated the diary amongst family members. While I had it, I made a copy before passing it on.

The copy lay in a paper bag in the bottom of my hutch for more than a quarter century until my daughter’s question reminded me of it.

My memories of Grandma Helen are of a frail, elderly woman—Helena (the name she used in the diary) was a fun-loving, self-absorbed teen. I wanted to learn more about her and how she evolved into the grandmother I remember.

I also wanted to share the diary entries with family and friends. At first I planned to write a book about the diary but that seemed like too daunting a task, so I decided to post the entries daily in a blog.

What I’ve Learned

I’ve loved digging through the diary and other resources to pull the pieces together for the blog. It’s been a journey of discovery for me and other relatives.

My children can now relate to a great-grandmother who died years before they were born.  For example, on April 3, 1911 Grandma wrote:

“One day is passed of the dreaded three, and they will soon be over, for we are having our final exams now. I’m so anxious about what I will make, fraid it won’t be any too high, and sincerely hope it will not be the opposite.”

The evening that I was working on this entry my college-aged daughter called and asked what I was doing. I said that I getting ready to write about Grandma’s final exams.

My daughter replied, “Final exams are stressful!” Some things never change.

At the same time the diary has brought me closer to my elderly father (Grandma’s son). When I visit him we enjoy going on car rides to take photos of the places that Grandma once frequented, and he likes helping me figure out what some of the diary entries mean. Without his help I never would have been able to describe how farming was done in the days before tractors.

I’ve been surprised how many people who are not relatives enjoy reading the posts.

For example, several young women told me that they love the way Grandma writes about her sister—and that it helps them better understand their own relationships with their sisters. Grandma had a sister named Ruth who was just a little older than she was. The diary entries portray an intense love between the two girls, co-mingled with competiveness and sibling rivalry. For example, when Grandma was annoyed with Ruth she referred to her as “Rufus” or “her highness.”

The quiet, elderly grandmother I remember often seemed almost invisible—overshadowed by others at family gatherings. As a result of the diary I now know my grandmother much better than I did before I began this endeavor, but more importantly I now feel like I have a close connection to her and a deeper understanding of myself.

Was Grandma Incorrigible?

16-year-old Helena Muffly wrote exactly 100 years ago today: 

Tuesday, October 24, 1911: Had a fly around this morning with Ma. I as usual was the cause of it. She says I’m incorrigible, but I don’t quite agree with her. Do you?

Her middle-aged granddaughter’s comments 100 years later:

I wonder what Grandma did that led her mother to say that she was incorrigible. It’s interesting that Grandma included a rhetorical question in this post. It almost seems like she had a premonition that someone else might someday be reading the diary.

I’ll answer the question a hundred years later. I do not think that Grandma was incorrigible. She married and lived a long, productive life until she died in 1980 at the age of 85.

Grandma raised four wonderful children, and had many awesome grandchildren and great-grandchildren. (Well, maybe I shouldn’t say that since I’m one of the grandchildren, but my relatives are obviously really cool.)

Helen(a) (Muffly) and Raymond Swartz and their descedants at the Swartz Reunion, White Deer Park, circa 1964

Grandma’s mother was obviously wrong– she was not incorrigible!

Youth’s Companion Advertisement

16-year-old Helena Muffly wrote exactly 100 years ago today: 

Monday, October 23, 1911: Subscribed for the Youth’s Companion today. Beginning to get cold. I mean the weather not me.

Advertisement for The Youth’s Companion on the back cover of Kimball’s Dairy Farmer Magazine (November 1, 1911)

Her middle-aged granddaughter’s comments 100 years later:

The Youth’s Companion was a popular magazine in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

According to the Collecting Old Magazines website the magazine began as a children magazine, but was aimed at the entire family by the time that Grandma wrote this diary entry:

 . . .  an audience limited to children only gave The Youth’s Companion only so many years in the life of a subscriber. The magazine expanded its offerings to include the entire family, and by doing so expanded its own lifetime to the lifetime of the subscriber. . . The typical issue would include “outdoor adventure stories, historical articles, anecdotes, contests, travel articles, and editorials.

“The Children’s Page” was there for the youth in its title, but by 1897 The Youths Companion also touted itself as “An Illustrated Family Paper,” which throughout that decade and into the new century would publish work from notables such as Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, Booker T. Washington, Helen Keller, as well as literary notables such as Kate Chopin, Edith Wharton, Jack London and Emily Dickinson.

Magazine History and Collecting Tips, Collecting Old Magazines

Last Lynching in Pennsylvania

16-year-old Helena Muffly wrote exactly 100 years ago today: 

Sunday, October 22, 1911: While walking to Sunday School this afternoon, I saw three men taking a man and n_____  woman to jail. Anyway that’s very likely where they’ll land before long. It’s raining tonight real hard.

Her middle-aged granddaughter’s comments 100 years later:

Whew, this diary entry upsets me. Grandma spelled out n___  in her handwritten entry in the diary, and her attitude bothers me a lot.

Grandma would have walked a mile or so on country roads to get to Sunday School in McEwensville.

Central Pennsylvania was not very diverse a hundred years ago, but a few Blacks lived in the area. C.V. Clark, in a presentation to the Northumberland County Historical Society, mentioned that in the late 1800’s a freed slave named Eliza lived in McEwensville–and her descendents probably were still living in the area in 1911.

I know that times were different back then, but the bottom line is that Blacks were often treated terribly a hundred years ago. To help better understand what things were like in 1911 I’d like to share some disturbing information that I recently discovered.

The last lynching in Pennsylvania occurred  on August 13, 1911. Zachariah Walker was lynched in Coatesville which is near Philadelphia.

Historic marker in Coatesville. Used with Permission: HMdb.org (Historic Marker Data Base); photographer: Kevin W. of Stafford VA

The inscription on the historic maker about the lynching says:

LYNCHING OF ZACHARIAH WALKER

An African American steelworker, Walker was burned to death by a mob near here on August 13, 1911. He was accused of killing Edgar Rice, a white security guard and a former borough policeman. Fifteen local men and teenage boys were indicted for their involvement in Walker’s death but were acquitted of all charges. Nationwide outrage led to the NAACP’s national anti-lynching campaign and inspired Pennsylvania’s 1923 anti-lynching law.

Even though Grandma lived more than a hundred miles from Coatesville, she probably was aware of the lynching. The local paper, The Milton Evening Standard periodically ran stories about it.

Milton Evening Standard, August 22, 1911